Abstract
Background Preserving the nipple areolar complex (NAC) increases satisfaction in breast reconstruction.
This study aims to describe outcomes using free NAC grafts in microvascular breast
reconstruction.
Methods A case–control study evaluated prospective outcomes of microvascular breast reconstruction
with free NAC grafts compared with matched controls with tattoo or local flap nipple
reconstruction. Eligible patients for NAC grafting required correction of ptosis or
nipple malposition. Postoperative photographs were rated for complications and aesthetics
by the four study authors and two additional unbiased board-certified plastic surgeons.
Satisfaction was measured with the BREAST-Q.
Results Twenty patients who underwent 35 autologous breast reconstructions were analyzed.
Nipple areolar reconstruction with grafts was completed with 13 NACs in 7 patients.
The majority of free NAC grafts (11/13, 85%) were completed in immediate reconstruction,
and 15% (2/13) were completed in delayed reconstruction. Partial graft hypopigmentation
(mean 18.0%, standard deviation [SD] 7.5) was noted in all grafts. Less than half
of grafts had areas of depigmentation (6/13, mean 6.1%, SD 7.5). Minor areas of partial
loss occurred in 6/13 grafts (mean 2.9%, SD 4.6). Nipple projection was maintained
in 54% of nipples (7/13). Depigmentation, hypopigmentation, graft loss, and projection
were not statistically correlated with NAC aesthetic or overall aesthetic rating.
However, NAC size (p = 0.003), position (p = 0.022), and symmetry (p = 0.028) were all correlated with aesthetic outcomes. Outcomes and satisfaction were
similar to those seen with local flap reconstruction, although partial loss was less
common in NAC grafts.
Conclusion Nipple reconstruction can successfully be performed in microvascular breast reconstruction
using free grafts. Although partial graft hypopigmentation is common, smaller areas
of graft loss or depigmentation are anticipated and do not affect aesthetic outcomes.
The use of free NAC grafts may allow additional patients to use their own nipples
as part of their microvascular reconstruction and avoid secondary NAC reconstruction
procedures.
Keywords
nipple areolar complex - free nipple graft - autologous breast reconstruction - microvascular
reconstruction - nipples - reconstructive aesthetics
